Examining the Propaganda Tactics of Operation Unified Protector
I have embarked upon an extensive and in depth Foreign
Policy and International Studies Research Project. Through a confidential
contact in the United States Air Force and the subsequent discussions I had
with that contact, I have received recently declassified materials and been
made aware of operational details centered around NATO's Operation Unified Protector in Libya. From this I came into
possession of the full set of 20 propaganda leaflets that NATO dropped over cities
in Libya during the 2011 operations. Through rigorous research and investigations, I can confidently declare that I am in fact the only open source to possess the entire series of leaflets.
During the summer of 2012, in conjunction with my summer studying abroad in Brussels, Belgium at Vesalius College, I visited NATO's S.H.A.P.E. in Mons, Belgium. I attended a briefing held by the Commander of NATO ACCI. I was then able to discuss the psychological operations that NATO employed during Operation Unified Protector. It is a standard practice to use leaflet propaganda in military ops and as such, there really is no objective measurement that can be made in terms of efficacy. It is just assumed that the leaflets serve to inform civilian populations via crude broadcasting. The assumed benefit is lower civilian collateral damage in the operations theater and to rally support for the intervening force. Furthermore, the leaflets pay future dividends during reconstruction by using nationalist images to inspire the nation [re-]building. The justification for the continued use of this psychological operation is the cost-benefit analysis. The creation, printing, and delivery of the leaflets is a relatively inexpensive consideration on the accounting ledger. This mode of contact is cheaper and more effective for informing local populations over a large land area than attempting to send a foreign liaison in person.
During the summer of 2012, in conjunction with my summer studying abroad in Brussels, Belgium at Vesalius College, I visited NATO's S.H.A.P.E. in Mons, Belgium. I attended a briefing held by the Commander of NATO ACCI. I was then able to discuss the psychological operations that NATO employed during Operation Unified Protector. It is a standard practice to use leaflet propaganda in military ops and as such, there really is no objective measurement that can be made in terms of efficacy. It is just assumed that the leaflets serve to inform civilian populations via crude broadcasting. The assumed benefit is lower civilian collateral damage in the operations theater and to rally support for the intervening force. Furthermore, the leaflets pay future dividends during reconstruction by using nationalist images to inspire the nation [re-]building. The justification for the continued use of this psychological operation is the cost-benefit analysis. The creation, printing, and delivery of the leaflets is a relatively inexpensive consideration on the accounting ledger. This mode of contact is cheaper and more effective for informing local populations over a large land area than attempting to send a foreign liaison in person.
Operation Unified Protector began on 31 March 2011. NATO controlled all military operations for Libya under United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1970 and 1973. During the operation NATO used over 260 air assets to conduct over 26,500 sorties, including over 9,700 strike sorties. The ultimate objective was achieved and Operation Unified Protector ended on 21 October 2011.
Through this project, I made contact with Daryush Nadimi, a graduate student at the University of California - Berkeley. He was embarking on his master's thesis, on the topic of NATO exceeding its civilian protection mandate in Libya. After some communication and conversations, I was pleased to learn that Daryush had incorporated the leaflets as a part of his primary source analysis in his thesis project. His finished product is quite intriguing and he makes some genuinely compelling points. I encourage all to take a look at Daryush's Blog - LibyanUprising.Wordpress.com. I also suggest that those interested in NATO's Operation Unified Protector should read his published thesis "Did NATO Exceed its Civilian Protection Mandate?" [Link Here].
[Click Here for NATO's Official Mission Stats for Operation Unified Protector]
I have posted all 20 of the leaflets here on my blog. All of which are extremely interesting, exquisitely designed, and feature clever witted uses of Middle East Ultra-Nationalism. The NATO leaflets are translated and reformatted below.
Common Features and Details in the Leaflets
1. NATO white and blue compass rose logo present on every flier on at least one side;
2. 17 Digit alpha-numeric code present on every flier on at least one side in the bottom right or left hand corner. The 2011 is the year followed by series production code.
3. Three numbers in parenthesis in 15 out of 20 fliers. Batch codes for loading leaflets into dispersal ordnance. The increasing numbers signify a later series.
4. 'www.NATO.int’ web address present on the back of 13 of 20 Leaflets.
5. Arabic text present on every flier; 1 with Arabic and French; no other languages.
The NATO Leaflets & Translations
[Click them to Enlarge]
Radio Tower
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L
E F T |
English
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Arabic
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Libya is one and its people are one, turn the dial to station 101.4 FM.
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ليبيا واحد
وشعبها واحد.
اضبط موَشر الراديو على محطة 104.1 إف إم
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R
I G H T |
English
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Arabic
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The freedom
of information is the basis of the freedom of the people. Claim your lawful
rights by obtaining information freely (without paying). Turn the needle of
the radio and listen to 104.1 FM. Libya is one and its people are one. Turn
the needle of the radio to station 104.1 FM.
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حرية المعلومات هي أشاش
حرية الشعب طالب بحقوقم
القانونية في الحصول علي
المعلومات مجاناً.
اضبط مؤشر الر اديو
و استمع إلى
104.1 إف إم
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Predator
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T
O
P
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English
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Arabic
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NATO air
forces have imposed a no-fly zone for the sake of protecting Libyan
civilians.
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القوة
الجوية للناتو فرضت منطقة حضر
الطيران من
أجل حماية المو اطنين الليبيين
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B
O
T T O M |
English
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Arabic
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NATO air
forces are able to attack at any time in any place.
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القوة
الجوية للناتو تستطيع المهاجمة في أي
وقت و في إي مكان
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F-16
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T
O
P
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English
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Arabic
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Warning. Keep
away from military activities.
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تحذير
ابتعد عن
الأنشطة العسكرية
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B
O T T O M |
English
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Arabic
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Warning. Oh
officers, soldiers and fighters of the Gaddafi regime. Several high-ranking
officers have defected and followed their conscience. Do not participate in
fighting. Return to your family and serve your country through throwing away
your arms. Leave your position and respect the right of all Libyans to live
in peace.
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تحذير
يا ضباط
وجنود ومقاتلو نظام القذاقي.
العديد من
كبار الضباط قد انشقوا وتبعوا ضميرهم. لا تشارك في
القتال. عد إلى عائلتك واخدم بلدك من خلال
إلقاء سلاحك. اترك
موقعك
واحيرم حق جميع اللسبيين في العيش في السلام.
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Satellite View
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T
O
P
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English
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Arabic
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Oh former
leaders of the Gaddafi regime in Sirte stop killing! Warning
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كفوا عن
القتال!
تحذير
غادروا
الآن!
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B
O T T O M |
English**
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Arabic
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Fighters of the former Gaddafi regime in Sirte, The Gaddafi regime is over, and he no longer rules. There is only one choice left to you: to continue killing, or to protect the lives of your soldiers before they run out of time. Throw down your weapons and cease the killing. Abandon your equipment and leave your positions. The time for peace and reform has come.
_______________________________
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يا قادة
نظام القذافي السابقين في سرت،
قد انتهى
حكم نظام القذافي و لا يتحكم في ليبيا بعد ليس أمامكم إلا
اجتيار
واحد: الاستمرار في القتال أو الحفاظ على حياة جنودكم قبل أن
يفوت عليكم
الأوان. ألقوا أسلحتكم وكفوا عن القتال. اتركوا معداتكم
و مواقعكم. حان الوقت السلام و الصالحة.
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Burning Money
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T
O
P
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English
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Arabic
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To the
non-Libyan fighters (mistake in Arabic here) this is the money that you will
only take for your continual putting Libyans in danger.
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الى
المقاتلين الغير ايبيين هذا هي المال الذي ستأخذهة فقط، لستمرارك على عرض
الليبيين الى الخطر
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B
O
T T O M |
English
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Arabic
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To all the
non-Libyan fighters in Tripoli. You have participated in violent acts against
innocent Libyan civilians, NATO has the means and the capabilities to
implement the UN mandate to protect civilians in inhabited areas. NATO is
determined to use all its capabilities to fight any threat. Leave this
country immediately!
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الى جميع
المقاتلين الغير ليبيين في طرابلسز
لقد شاركتم
بأعمال العنف ضد الليبيين المدنيين الأبرياء، الناتو لديه الوسائل والقدرات
لنتفيذ تفويض الأمم المتحدة لحماية المدنيين في المناطق المأهولة بالسكان، الحلف
الشمال لأطلسي مصمم على استخدام جميع القدرات لمواجها أي تهديد.
غادروا هذا
البلد فورأ
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NATO Shield
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T
O
P
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English
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Arabic
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NATO is here
to protect civilians.
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الناتو هنا
لحماية الدنيين
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B
O T T O M |
English
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Arabic
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NATO is here
to protect civilians and the inhabited areas threatened with attacks. NATO is
not here to align to a particular side. NATO is authorized with resolution
from the United Nations and has support of the international community and
thus wide regional support.
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الناتو هنا
احماية الدنيين والناطق السكونة الهددة بالهجوم.
ليس الناتو
هنا للانحياز إلى جانب معين.
الناتو
مفوض بقرار من الأمم التحدة ولدية دعم الجتمع الدولي وكزلك الدعم الإقليمي
الواسع.
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Split Soldier
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T
O
P
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English
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Arabic
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Stop tearing
Libya apart! Libya is one and its people are one.
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قف عن
تمرتق ليبيا!
ليبيا
واحدة و شعبها واحد
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B
O T T O M |
English
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Arabic
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The soldiers
that are committing crimes against humanity are responsible before the
international community. The international criminal court has indicted
Gaddafi. Do you want to share a prison cell with him? Will your absence help
your family? Make the choice before the time has passed: peace and a
prosperous future for Libya or continued war and more killing and
destruction?
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الجنود
النين يرتكبون جرائم ضد الانسانية سيكونون المسؤولون أمام المجتمع الدولي.
المحكمة
الجنائية الدولية اتهمت القذاقي. هل تريد أن تقاسم زنزانة السجن معه؟
من سيساعد
عائلتك في عيابك؟ قم بالأختيار قبل فوات الأوان: سلام و مستقبل زاهر
لليبيا، أو
استمرار الحرب و المزيد من القتل و الدمار؟
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Libya Puzzle
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T
O
P
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English
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Arabic
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Reconciliation.
Justice. Freedom. Stability. The future. Peace.
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الاستقرار
الصالحة الحرية الستقبل السلام
العدالة
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B
O
T
T
O
M
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English
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Arabic
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Work with the
National Transitional Council in a positive way. Commit to democratic
principles, human rights and the rule of law. Libya is one and its people are
one.
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اعمل مع
مجلس الوطني الإنتقالي بشكل إيجابي.
التزم
بالبادئ الديمقرطية، حقوق الإنسان وسيادة القانون.
لبيبا
واحدة وشعبها واحد.
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Libyan Chain Flag
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T
O
P
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English
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Arabic
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Libya is one
and its people are one. Together for reconciliation.
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ليبيا
واحدة وشعبها واحد
معاً من
أجل الصا احة
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B
O
T
T
O
M
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English
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Arabic
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The time has
come to build a new Libya, a state founded upon freedom and not fear, upon
the will of the majority and not the desire of the few. The people of Libya
deserve peace. Libya is one and its people are one.
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حان الوقت
لبناء ليبيا جديدة، دولة مبنية على
الحرية
وليس الجوف، على إرادة الأكثرية
وليس رغبة
القلة. شعب ليبيا يستحق السلام.
ليبيا
واحدة وشعها واحد.
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Walking Man
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T
O
P
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English
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Arabic
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Embrace a new
Libya.
One Libya.
One people.
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اسعَ إلى
ليبيا جديدة
ليبيا
واحدة ,شعب واحد
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B
O
T
T
O
M
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English
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Arabic
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Oh forces of
Gaddafi, this is your chance to stand side by side with the Libyan people and
to choose the right road, why die and you’re able to participate in returning
peace to Libya? Stop fighting.
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يا قوات
القذافي، هذه فرصتكم لتقفوا جنباً الى جنب مع
الشعب
الليبي ولتختاروا الطريق الصحيح، لماذا تموت
وأنت
تتستطيع أن تشارك في إعادة السلام إلى ايبيا؟
كف عن القتال
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Dove Embrace
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T
O
P
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English
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Arabic
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Libya is one
and its people are one.
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ليبيا
واحدا ة وشعبها واحد
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B
O T T O M |
English
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Arabic
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The people of
Libya deserves to choose its destiny. The time has come to build a new Libya.
Together for peace! Libya is one and its people are one.
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شعب ليبيا
يستحق أن يحدد مصيره.
حان الوقت
لبناء ليبيا جديدة.
معاً من
أجل السلام!
ليبيا
واحدة وشعبها واحد.
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Dove Embrace Palm Tree
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T
O
P
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English
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Arabic
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Stop
fighting! Embrace your Libyan brothers. One Libya one people.
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قف عن
القتال!
أحتضن
بأخوانك
ليبيا واحدة وشعبها واحد
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B
O T T O M |
English
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Arabic
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Soldiers that
are committing crimes against humanity by causing continuing violence and not
establishing suitable conditions for a prosperous and peaceful future. Stop
the fighting that threatens civilians and inhabited areas. Make a choice
before the time has passed – peace and a flourishing future for Libya or
continuing war that only brings more trouble and misery to civilians and your
innocent families.
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الجنود
الذين يرتكبون جرائم ضد الانسانية يسببون استمرارا العنف ولا يضعم الظروف
المناسبة لمستقبل سلمي ومزدهر. قف عن القتال الذي يهدد المدنيين و المناطق
المسكونة. قم بالأختيار قبل فرات الأوان – سلام ومستقبل زاهر لليبيا، أو استمرار
الحرب التي تجلب إلا المزيد من العناء و الشقاء للمدنيين و لعائلاتهم الأبرياء.
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Single Fist
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T
O
P
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English
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Arabic
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Sirte has
fallen. Do you know what’s happening in Libya? The Gaddafi regime no longer
rules. The Transitional National Council have become the recognized authority
and its flag flutters now high above the Headquarters of the UN. This is the
true situation in Libya now. The town of Sirte has fallen. And so has been
liberated Benghazi, Misurata, Tobruk, Ajdabia, Zintan, Zuwara, Gharyan,
Tarhouna, Ghadames, Zliten, Khums, Zawia, Brega, Ras Lanuf, Jufra, Waddan, Hun,
Sukna and Sebha. The capital Tripoli is in the hand of the National
Transitional Council.
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لقد سقظت
سرت
هل تغلعون ما يحدث في ليبيا؟ إن نظام القذافي
لم يعد يحكم ليبيا بحد.
لقد اصبح
الجلس الوطني الانتقالي السلطة العترف بها وعامه يرفرف الآن
شامخاً
امام القر الرئيسي للأمم التحدة. هذا هو الوضع الحقيقي في ليبيا الآن.
لقد سقطت
مدينة سرت وكذلك تحررت بنغازي ومصراتة وطبرق وأجدابيا والزنتان
وزوارة و
غريانن وترهوية و غدامس وزليتن والخمس و الزاوية والبريقة
وراس لانوف
والجفرة وودان وهون و سوكنة وسبها.
والعاصة طرابلس
في يد الجلس الوطني الإنتقالي.
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B
O T T O M |
English
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Arabic
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Sirte has
fallen so stop fighting now. Join with the new Libya for a prosperous and
peaceful future. Why are you fighting for a man that sent your family outside
of Libya and at the same time waits for you to die for him? He does not
deserve your salvation and he does not deserve you sacrificing your lives.
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لقد سقطت
فتوقفوا عن ألقتال ألان
وانضموا
إلى ليبيا الجديدة من أحب مستقبل سلمي ومزدهر.
للذا
تقاتلون من أحب رجل أرسل عائلته خارج ليبيا و في نفس الوقت
ينتظر منكم
أن تموتوا من أجله.
فهو لا
يستحق إخلاصكم يستحق التضحية بحياتكم.
لقد سقطت
سرت
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Double Fist Text
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T
O
P
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English
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Arabic
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Part One: Sirte has fallen. Do you know what’s happening in Libya? The Gaddafi
regime no longer rules. The Transitional National Council have become the recognized
authority and its flag flutters now high above the Headquarters of the UN.
This is the true situation in Libya now. The town of Sirte has fallen. And so
has been liberated Benghazi, Misurata, Tobruk, Ajdabia, Zintan, Zuwara,
Gharyan, Tarhouna, Ghadames, Zliten, Khums, Zawia, Brega, Ras Lanuf, Jufra,
Waddan, Hun, Sukna and Sebha. The capital Tripoli is in the hand of the
National Transitional Council.
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الجزئ
الأول
هل تغلعون
ما يحدث في ليبيا؟ إن نظام القذافي لم يعد يحكم ليبيا بحد.
لقد اصبح
الجلس الوطني الانتقالي السلطة العترف بها وعامه الآن يرفرف
شامخاً
خارج القر الرئيسي للأمم التحدة. هذا هو الوضع الحقيقي في ليبيا الآن.
لقد تحررت
بنغازي، مصراية، طبرق، أجدابيا، الزنتان، زوارة، غربان، ترهونة،
غدامس،
زليتن، الخمس، الزاوية، البريقة، راس لانوف، الجفرة، ودان، هون، سوكنة وسبها.
والعاصة طرابلس في يد الجلس الوطني الإنتقالي.
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B
A
C
K
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English
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Arabic
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Part Two: Stop fighting and join the new Libya for a prosperous and peaceful
future. Why are you fighting for a man that sent your family outside of Libya
and at the same time waits for you to die for him in the dust? He does not
deserve your salvation and he does not deserve you sacrificing your lives.
Libya is one and its people are one.
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الجزئ
الثاني
توقفوا عن
القتال وانضموا إلى ليبيا الجديدة من أحل مستقبل سلمي ومزدهر.
الذا
تقاتاون من أحب رجل ارسل عالية خارج ليبيا و في نفس الوقت ينتظر منكم
الوت لأجله
بين الغبار؟ هو لا يستحق إخلاصكم و لا يستحو التضحية بحياتكم.
ليببا
واحدة و شعبها واحد.
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Double Copy Text
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F
R
O
N
T
|
English
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Arabic
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Hold on to
your safety, the rule of the Gaddafi regime has ended, and it does not
deserve the sacrificing of your lives. The time has come to build a new Libya
– a state founded upon freedom and not fear, upon the will of the majority
and not the desire of the few. Throw away your arms and stop fighting and put
up a white flag as a sign of your stopping fighting. The world is watching
you. This is your chance to stand side by side with the Libyan people to
choose the peaceful course of history. Pass on this piece of news to all
those that have not received this message.
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حفاظاً على
سلاتكم،
لقد انتهى
حكم نظام القذافي و لا يستحق التضحية بحياتكم. حان الوقت لنباء
ليبيا
جديدة – دولة مبنية على الحرية وليس على الخوف، على إرادة
الأكثرية
وليس على رغبة القلة. ألقوا أسلحتكم وكفوا عن القتال وارفعوا
علماً أبيض
كإشارة لتوقفكم عن القتال. العالم يراقبكم. هذه فرصتكم لتقفوا
جنباً الى
جنب مع الشعب اليبي و لتختاروا مجرى التاريخ السليم. انقلوا هذا
الخبر لكل
من لم تصل إليعم هذه الرسالة.
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B
O
T
T
O
M
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English
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Arabic
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SAME AS FRONT
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نفس الجبهة
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| Qaddafi |
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T
O
P
|
English
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Arabic
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Why are you
permitting your Libyan brothers to war and fight against one another rather
than living in peace? You are destroying the history of Libya through crimes
against humanity.
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لمذا تسمح
لآخو اننا الليبيين
بالحرب و
القتال ضد بعضهم
بدلآ من
العيش في سلام؟
أنت تحطم
تاريج ليبيا بجرائم
ضد
الانسانية.
|
|
B
O
T
T
O
M
|
English
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Arabic
|
Oh soldiers
and officers in the Libyan army, the ICC has accused Gaddafi of committing
crimes against humanity in Libya. It’s advised for officers and soldiers of
the Libyan army to not execute the orders of Gaddafi and military operations
against the Libyan people. If an officer or soldier commits a crime against
humanity so he violates international laws. A number of Libyan officers and
soldiers chose a position against orders of Gaddafi to not kill innocent
civilians. Join these men for a peaceful and prosperous future in Libya.
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يا ضباط
وجنود الجيش، المحكمة النائية الدولسة قد اتهمت القذافي بار تكاب جارئم
ضد
الانسانية في ليبيا. ينصح للضباط و للجنود الجيش الليبي بعدم تنفيذ أوامر
القذافي
و العمليات
العسكرية ضد الشعب الليبي. اذا كان ضابط أو جندي قد قام بارتكاب جرائم ضد
الانسانية فقد انتهك القوانين الدولية. العديد من الضباط والجنود الليبية قد
أختار و موقف ضد أوامر القذافي لعدم قتال المدنيين لأبرياء. انضهو مع هو لاء
الرجال لمستقبل مزدهر و سلمي ليبيا.
|
|
| Qaddafi Soldiers |
||
 |
||
T
O
P
|
English
|
Arabic
|
Orders of
colonel Gaddafi to attack civilians are illegal, resulting from that the
indictment against him has been sent by the international criminal court with
the accusation of committing crimes against humanity.
|
أوامر
العقذافي لمهاجمة المدنيين غير قانونية
نتيجة لذلك
تم توجية الاتهام ضده من قبل المحكمة
الجنائية
الدولية بتهمة ارتكاب جرائم ضد الإنسانية.
|
|
B
O
T
T
O
M
|
English
|
Arabic
|
Professional
soldiers do not attack civilians. Executing any illegal orders is direct
perpetration of international laws. Do not bring shame upon yourselves and
your families.
|
الجنود
المحترفون لا يهاجمون المدنيين, إن تننفين أي أوامر
غسرمشروعة
يشكل انتهاكا مناشرا للقوانين الدولية.
لاتجلبوا
العار لأنفسكم ولعلئلاتكم.
|
|
Bloody Hands
|
||
 | ||
T
O
P
|
English
|
Arabic
|
Stop fighting
now and spend time by Libya towards peace and prosperity.
|
أوقفوا
القتال الآن و أمضوا بليبيا نحو السلام و الازدهار
| |
B
O
T
T
O
M
|
English
|
Arabic
|
Stop fighting
men of your homeland. You are fighting your Libyan brothers. One Libya one
people
|
أوقفوا
قتال رجال و طنكم، أنتم تقاتلون أخوانكم الليبيين
ليبيا
واحدة شعب واحد
|
|
Tank Road
|
||
 |
||
T
O
P
|
English
|
Arabic
|
Go far away
from the places of fighting.
|
اذهب
بعيداً عن أماكن القتال
|
|
B
O
T
T
O
M
|
English
|
Arabic
|
To return
Libya to peace, return to your house and stay there, do not continue
fighting.
|
من أجل
إعادة السلام الى ليبيتا،
عد الى
منزلك وأبقى هناك،
لا تستمر
في القتال.
| |
Cobra Tank
|
||
 |
||
T
O
P
|
English
|
Arabic
|
There is no
place to hide. The time has not yet passed to stop fighting. If you continue
to threaten civilians then you will be subject to destruction. Back = same as
the front.
|
لا يوجد مكان
الاختباء. م يفت الوقت بعد التوقف عن القتال.
إذا
إستمريت في تهديد الدنيين فسوف تتعرض التدمير.
|
|
B
O
T
T
O
M
|
English
|
Arabic
|
The forces of
NATO will undertake all the necessary steps to destroy the war machinery that
threaten civilians. Stop and distance yourself from the fighting now or when
you see this helicopter the time will have passed.
|
قوات حلف
الشمال الاطلسي الناتو سوف تتخذ جميع الخطوات اللازمة لتدمير
الآليات الحربية التي تهدد الدنيين. توقث و أبتعد عن القتال الآن أو
عندها ترى هذه الطائرة الروحية فسيكون قد فات الأون.
| |
Double Cobra Tank [Misprint]
|
||
 | ||
T
O
P
|
English
|
Arabic
|
There is no
place to hide. The time has not yet passed to stop fighting. If you continue
to threaten civilians then you will be subject to destruction. Back = same as
the front.
|
لا يوجد
مكان للاجتباء. م يفت الوقت يعد للتوقف عن القتال.
إذا
إستمريت في تهديد الدنيين فسوف تتعرض للتدمير.
|
|
B
O
T
T
O
M
|
English
|
Arabic
|
SAME AS FRONT
|
نفس الجبهة
|
|
Find these interesting? Check out my Foreign Policy page for a Research Paper on The Moral Question of Humanitarian Interventions, featuring case studies of Sarajevo in the context of the Bosnian War and The Success of NATO's Operation Unified Protector and the United States' Operation Odyssey Dawn.
Special Thanks to:
Arabic to English Translations: Ben Lydon, Masters in International Security, Sciences Po, Paris, France.
Arabic Script to Latin Alphabet Dictation: Jenna Dolecek, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas.
Arabic Script to Latin Alphabet Dictation: Jenna Dolecek, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas.
